Most of the stars are so far away that they appear as no more than pinpoints of light to even the largest telescopes. But a few stars are close enough or big enough to see them as tiny disks. That allows astronomers to measure how big they are — measurements that help them understand how stars work.

One of the stars that’s been measured is Arcturus, in Boötes the herdsman. The star climbs into view in the east by about 9 or 10 o’clock. It’s one of the brightest stars in the night sky, so you shouldn’t have any trouble finding it.

Careful measurements reveal the star’s apparent diameter — how big it looks in the sky. That’s combined with measurements of its distance — 37 light-years. The numbers reveal that Arcturus is about 25 times the diameter of the Sun.

What’s particularly important is that the measurement matches nicely with predictions of how big the star should be.

Those predictions are based on models of how stars behave — how they produce energy or how they change as they get older, for example. If the models are correct, then astronomers can make a few basic measurements of any star — such as its temperature and brightness — and use those to determine the star’s size, its stage of life, and much more.

But it’s important to verify the models against stars with known distances. Most of those comparisons show that the models are spot on — allowing us to learn quite a bit about almost every star in the sky.
 

Script by Damond Benningfield